With pixel sizes of 1 km or larger, raster cells cannot be treated as points in the transformations. Projector, free software can render many projections nasa giss. Map projection characteristics matter, but whats crucial is the degree of resamplingoversampling caused by reprojection. The stereographic map projection is conformal but not. Geological survey have designed projections for their specific needs such as the space oblique mercator, which allows mapping from satellites with little or no distortion. Map projections used by the us geological survey usgs. Custom map projections for regional groundwater models. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the lambert conformal conic are used. If a product has a downloadable map, you will see a view pdf button beside the product in the product pane. This new work represents a seamless, globally consistent, 1.
Geological survey topographic maps have been produced using nad27. A map projection is used to portray all or part of the round earth on a flat surface. Custom map projection parameters can also minimize area and length. Cotillon and mathis, 2017 rlcm projection blocks figure. Geological survey usgs now uses sixteen of the more common map projections for its published maps. Map projections used for largescale quadrangles by the u. Understanding map projections landing page for kartoweb.
Usgs map of the principal aquifers of the united states. The reverse side of the poster is a comprehensive list of map projections and their respective qualities. In terrestrial geodesy and in a spherical or planetocentric coordinate system. After 125year legacy of topographic mapping 18842009, the usgs embarked on an innovative future of integrating historical maps with computergenerated maps from a national. An aquifer is a geologic formation, a group of formations, or a part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield. This document gives the key properties, characteristics, and preferred uses of many historically important projections and of those frequently used. Topographic maps are a signature product of the usgs. It may be that an ugly projection would be better for analysis. After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its napping program, the u. The project was launched in late 2009, and the term us topo refers specifically to quadrangle topographic maps. The usgs has also conceived and designed several new projections, including the space oblique mercator, the first map projection designed to permit mapping of the earth continuously from a. Usgs topographic map based on the transverse mercator projection is nearly correct in every respect. Call usgs customer service at 1888ask usgs 18882758747 or email us. Click the home button to zoom the map out to its original zoom and position.
Geological survey have designed projections for their specific needs such as the space oblique. Us topo maps are the current generation of usgs topographic maps. Us topo map and historical topographic map users guide. After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u. Developed in 1972 by the united states geological survey usgs to publish a map. Forest type groups of the united states, 1993, grmc. In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globes surface into a plane in order to.
This publication is a major revision of usgs bulletin 1532, which is titled map. This collection was made possible by jared benedict of the libre map project and over 100 map liberators listed in the lower lefthand column of this page. Simplified geological maps were prepared by istd and printed by gsgs for sumatra, borneo, formosa, the kra isthmus region of. Geological survey collection opensource language english. Manual by the us geological survey office on how to create map projections creating various types of maps. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transvese mercator and the. Map projections used for largescale quadrangles by. This document gives the key properties, characteristics, and preferred uses of. Pdf the equal earth map projection is a new equalarea pseudocylindrical projection for world maps. This document gives the key properties, characteristics, and preferred uses of many historically.
Geological survey professional paper 95 addeddate 20181028 23. Map projections a map projection is used to portray all or part of the round earth on a flat surface. Also used for mapping large areas that are mainly northsouth in extent. Sparrow model results of longterm meanannual total nitrogen and. Over the years, however, it has become clear that the accuracy of the survey network associated with this datum is not sufficient for many modern needs.
To allow for global use the tool was redesigned to use lambert azimuthal projections based on the usgs s hydro1k continental projections steinwand, 1995. They were essential for integrating and analyzing placebased information, and were widely used by receationalists. In 1879, the usgs began to map the nations topography. Check out the national geologic map database ngmdb, which is the national archive of these maps and related geoscience reports. This mapping was done at different levels of detail, in order to support various land use and other purposes. From our traditional human vantage point on the ground, the earths surface. Rapid land cover mapper rlcm map projections west africa. The stereographic map projection is another ancient projection, dating back to the second century b. The usgs continues research into map projections through the center of. Topoview highlights one of the usgs s most important and useful products, the topographic map. These maps are best used with global positioning software or a map viewer. The west africa region is an exception to this because the modified projection was used when the lulc maps were prepared. Map projections map, department of the interior, u.
Map projections a working manual 1987 pdf hacker news. The stereographic map projection is most useful for maps of polar regions for navigation purposes or large continentsized areas of similar extent in all directions. Cegis research in map projections began with problems of commercial projection software in handling raster data projection for global modeling applications. As the years passed, the usgs produced new map versions of each area. Geological survey mapping division, 1989, grmc, university libraries, ball state university. Latitude and longitude ns, ew d the third reference axis is a vertical line. Pdf documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended. Snyder, 1987 an album of map projections usgs pp 1453, j.
Building on the success of more than years of usgs topographic mapping, the us topo series is a new generation of maps of the american landscape. A cornucopia of map projections, a visualization of distortion on a vast array of map projections in a single image. This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Snyder, pdf, 1997 cegis map projection bibliography usgs, database, 2011 map projections a working manual usgs pp 95, j. Map of the principal aquifers of the united states the areal and vertical location of the major aquifers is fundamental to the determination of groundwater availability for the nation. Geological survey professional paper 1453, by john p. Geological survey have designed projections for their specific needssuch as the space oblique mercator, which allows mapping from satellites with little or no distortion. Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections, there can be no comprehensive list. Every projection has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Pdf map projections in planetary cartography researchgate. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the. Transverse mercator used by usgs for many quadrangle maps at scales from 1. Surveying errors, destruction of survey monuments, and horizontal movements of the earths crust. Since the 1800s, the usgs and its partners, the state geological surveys, have been producing high quality, standardized geologic maps of the nation.
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